Observational Assessment in the Creation of a Miniature Human Digestive System Using Recycled Materials: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR)
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Abstract
Observational assessment is an authentic technique widely employed in project-based learning to directly evaluate students' processes, skills, and attitudes. However, the implementation of observational assessment in science projects, particularly in the creation of miniature human digestive systems using recycled materials, has rarely been investigated in depth. This research aims to analyze the assessment frameworks, procedures, indicators, and challenges of observational assessment within the context of anatomy miniature creation projects utilizing a recycling approach, through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. The SLR process analyzed 32 relevant articles published between 2013 and 2025, retrieved from the Scopus, ERIC, and Google Scholar databases using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by thematic analysis. The findings of this review indicate that observational assessment is effectively utilized in project-based learning, where the most frequently assessed indicators were collaboration, scientific communication, creativity, and procedural accuracy. Furthermore, the use of recycled materials in miniature projects has been shown to foster contextual learning and environmental awareness. The primary challenges identified pertain to assessor subjectivity and the time constraints during observation activities. This study contributes to the advancement of authentic assessment methodology and provides a practical framework for implementing sustainability-based project learning. This review provides recommendations for the development of more comprehensive observational instruments and the integration of continuous assessment in science projects at the primary education level.
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